Penguin Readers Upper-Intermediate
Lernvoraussetzungen


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Nouns Singular forms and plural forms with s
Common irregular plural forms
Possessive form ('s)
Transparent compounds
Gerunds for activities and pastimes

Verbs Tenses:
Present simple (except negative questions)
Present progressive with present and future meaning
Simple past of listed regular and irregular verbs
Present perfect simple
Past continuous
Present simple for future reference
Present perfect progressive
Past perfect
Past perfect progressive
Future progressive
Irregular past forms: came/did/had/said/was/were/went

Passive
Passive forms: present and past forms of be + past participle
Simple passive verb forms (except modal perfects)
Present and past continuous passive verb forms

additionally:
Parts of be, have, have got;
There is/are/was/were
Positive imperative forms
Positive, negative and question forms
Short answers.
can for ability and permission; Let's...
Negative imperative forms and negative questions
going to for prediction and intention
can for possibility
would like + noun phrase + infinitive
-ing forms after like, stop
Infinitive forms after want, start
will for offers, requests, and with future meaning
could for past ability and possibility
have to for obligation
Common phrasal verbs with transparent meanings
-ing forms after go, verbs of (dis)like
Infinitive forms after want, start, like
is/was/has been able to
can't to deny possibility
could for requests and suggestions
must for obligation
shall for suggestions, plans, offers
need (to)/needn't for necessity
should (positive only) for advice
would for desires, preferences
to + infinitive after what/where etc
Infinitives after permitted verbs and adjectives, with
too/enough/very, after indefinite pronouns/adverbs, infinitive of purpose
Common phrasal verbs with non-transparent meanings
have something done
make/let + infinitive
used to
was/were going to
had better for advice or desirability
may/might for possibility
must for deduced facts
should/ought to for advice, duty, desirability
would for hypothetical situations/willingness/refusal
Question tags: positive tag following negative statement and vice versa
get something done
may for permission


Determiners Articles: a, an, the or zero + noun (phrase)
All cardinal and ordinal numbers
Possessives
Demonstrative: these, those (also pronouns)
Quantifiers: a little, a lot (of), some, any also with more
Interrogative Which ? (also pronoun)
Distributives: another, other, each,both, either, neither, every, all + noun
the + adjective
Predeterminers: all, such
Relative: whose
a meaning per


Pronouns Personal, subject and direct object
Demonstrative: this, that, these, those (also as determiners)
Interrogative: Who? What? Which? Whose?(also determiner)
It (+ be) in impersonal expressions
As indirect objects
Possessive
some-, no-, any-, every-(body/thing)
Indefinite: someone, anyone, everyone
one/ones
Relative: who, which, that,whose
Indefinite: no one
Omission of relative
Reflexive, for emphasis
Reciprocal: each other
Pronoun + of, to, adjective, relative clause

Adjectives Simple adjectives (attributive and predicative)
Comparative: -er/more + adjective...than, as ... as, comparative with less
Superlative: the -est in/of, most + adjective, superlative with least
better, best, worse, worst, more, most
too + adjective
How + adjective
Intensifiers: much, a bit, a lot,nearly as, just as, not quite as
Adjective + to
Adjective + enough

Adverbs Some adverbs of frequency, place and time
Adjective +ly [see wordlist]
Interrogatives: Where? When? Why?; How (much/many)?
Intensifier: very
Additive: too
Adjective + (i)ly
Irregular adverbs of manner
Comparative: as...as
Indefinite: somewhere, nowhere, anywhere, everywhere
Comparative: -er/-est, more/most + adverb

Conjunctions and, because, but, or to join words, phrases, clauses
so, before, after, when, as well as [+ see wordlist]
as soon as [+ see wordlist]

Sentences Simple one-clause sentences
Two clauses joined with and, but, because or or
Direct speech + noun/pronoun + say/ask
Two clauses joined with so, before, after, when
Direct speech + subject/verb inversion
Reported speech with present tense reporting verb
know, think, hope etc + that clause
Sentences with more than two main clauses
Sentences with one main and one subordinate clause
Zero and first conditional
Defining relative clauses (but not embedded)
Clauses with wh words
Clauses ending in so, not
Reported speech with to + infinitive
Participle clauses
Adjectives/nouns + that clause
Complex sentences where the relations between clauses are
uncomplicated
Non-defining relative clauses
Conditional Sentences Type II, Type III
if clauses after verbs of asking, wondering etc
Reported speech with past tense reporting verbs
Relative clauses: embedded, defining
Responses with so/neither/nor




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